For many millennia, teachers would warn:"Once you start learning to listen, be careful. That voice you hear may be the voice of a nearby crazy axe murderer," And so, a fundamental challenge which goes with the first challenge is... well, some Quakers use the term "spiritual discernment," making sense of which voice is which. How can an individual KNOW which kind of voice he or she is listening to?
I should say a lot more about that important question (maybe another day) , but first let me mention ONE of my personal responses to the question. "Hey, if it's a local drunk, he wouldn't be able to explain intricacies of quantum physics to me, intricacies which I can be reasonably sure neither I nor anyone else on earth understands as yet." My personal reality test. Authentic but misdirected mystics who become lackeys of local axe murderers (like many jihadis or devotees of US fundamentalist "Christian" madressas) don't know much about higher math or empirical physics (a true reality test), and feel moved to reject them, because they threaten their habits of living in slavery. But those of us who want to know what's really going on will naturally embrace this reality test whole-heartedly -- not as an act of devotion, really, but as an act of reality testing, of devotion to truth. Any higher intelligence worthy of our respect, whether omniscient or not, should support and assist this. That's true on the mystical plane (in the noosphere) and in everyday life and politics as well. Any priest king or imam or commissar TV demagogue who discourages you from thinking, feeling and growing independently yourself should be treated with the highest mistrust you are capable of. (Lately when I think of the words "commissar" or "gestapo," I think of a friend who said "don't just say they are minions of the Koch brothers and of their enterprises like Heritage; such oversimplifications are dangerous, and many of those guys want to be part of the solution." OK. Will be careful.)
And so, it was really neat for me to wake up last night, from the last of many dreams, to a memory of something quite interesting in quantum physics, which I hadn't even been thinking about at a normal conscious level for days, not even when going to bed the night before. Most of the time, if I get enough sleep, the very last dream tends to have a major "assumption" or "astral" core to it. In technical terms, this one was "assumption" -- a kind of guided visit to another very intelligent mind, working through the kinds of commutators which exist in real mathematics, in real transform operators and not just the usual stuff of canonical quantum field theory. It was interesting enough, though incomplete in my memory, that I dove deeper into what I remembered, in something a bit like trance, to try to see/remember/obtain more of it... More on actual physics below...
A few days ago, I told a young serious mathematics graduate student (main author of my next paper in Automatica) "I am under too much justified pressure right now. I will have to put this F+P stuff on the back burner, for now." But, as Luda reminds me, I didn't really explain what my "back burner is." It's not a dustbin, an attic or a thrift store. It's part of the stove, where things really do get cooked somehow -- for me especially. It allows an interesting kind of experience where one remembers things, typically the next morning, which weren't in the mind at all the previous day.
A really serious parapsychologist, like Bierman, might immediately say: "Hey, this reality test is still not conclusive. For example, how do you know that you are not just tuning into your own FUTURE self, or some future physicist, or some kind of benevolent space alien?" That's a valid point, but all of those are better than a local axe-murderer or other types of "left hand path," which gets some people to inject self-destructive messages (like "kill them all") into the noosphere itself.
Because "Bierman" has a valid point, I don't organize ALL my efforts around this particular reality test, but I do organize a lot of them that way. I also try to remember and respect folks who can't use that test... though Yeshua himself certainly seems to appreciate the importance of this challenge.
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More thoughts about the basic question here:
Many, many years ago, I still have SOME vivid photographic memories of a lunch at the Cosmos Club in the 1970's, with a serious old Taoist teacher with books out on the real meaning of Taoism, who was also a serious professor of technology at MIT. Among those memories... he said:
"There are all those people out there saying that it takes so many years for them to learn to reach enlightenment, and they think that the difficulty in what we are teaching is all the difficulty in reaching enlightenment. It is not true at all. Real teachers (like me) could bring almost anyone to enlightenment in an instant. The purpose of all the training is to enable them to SURVIVE after that. When energy starts to flow with great intensity, if the channels are not properly exercised and prepared, the effects are very bad, maybe worse than death."
Most (perhaps all) serious psychotropic drugs do real damage to the brain, very large even when subtle. Yet there is discussion sometimes about whether they might force open the eyes of the soul (more precisely the mind part of nearby noosphere one is currently adapted to link to), and have some value in the right context for spiritual growth. (Indeed, a lot of the truly spiritual but insane people leading some movements may owe their relatively easy development to various drugs, which are a heavy net negative to true spiritual development but capable of impressing and deluding their naive listeners. Especially in the Middle East.)
During a lunch break in Udaipur in India, when I could not eat because of a lingering stomach issue, Luda showed me an article about the move to allow experiments with Psilocybin in the US medical establishment. I said -- this is a typical case where both extreme positions show ignorance of what is going on. To her and to "the other Paul" on the tour I mentioned a book by Annie Besant, where she described the many hazards of trying to open the channels of the soul before one is ready. "If you work on becoming ready, through the right kind of sensitivity and energy, the channels will open by themselves, naturally, without that kind of external assist. The artificial means are always harmful on balance, sometimes lethally so." I also mentioned Besant's role as both political and spiritual teacher to Ghandi in his "quiet years," for which I have documentation in a book at home. (We actually bought our house from the inheritor of the aryuveda practice which treated Ghandi, another channel of information.) Luda has always wondered how far to believe that, though not so much that she would look at the book on Besant in our house (which I picked up for free long ago somewhere when I was a poor student). In Mumbai, she say not only the Annie Besant street, but the various books by Annie Besant in a key place in Ghandi's personal library, along with other interesting books we have discussed. In my previous blog, I posted one of our high resolution photographs of that library.
But note: drugs are external. The will to understand and strategic thinking of one's self are not. Even strategic thinking for self-development and spiritual attunement can have bad results at time, if they are neurotic and crude (just like bad travel plans), but we are called to do the best we can, WITHOUT drugs. (OK, I take an alcoholic drink or even one coffee sometimes in proper social circumstances, but only under a variety of very strict constraints. It took years before I felt I knew enough about aspirin to use it on occasion, but never advil or tylenol. I was one of about two kids in a class of about 200 in prep school who never once touched marijuana, and I would keep it that way... even though I remember two otherwise very interesting women who wanted me to join me that way back in grad school days. Long stories).
One of the most important science fiction novels which has haunted me since I read it is "City at the End of Timne" by Greg Bear. Quick summary... lack of deep response to feedback can kill you...
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By now, this is so long that only the self-selected few should get this far. So this far, it is OK for me to post something new in quantum physics which I ask not to bring to the attention of folks too immature to get positive value from it.
Last month, I had the great honor to get a glimpse into the REAL cutting edge of the very best real thinking about the real foundations of quantum physics in the world and in the noosphere today. It is not baby stuff. For me, it was an exhilirating experience of letting all parts of my mind flow and be challenged to their utmost. It gives a new window into some important things which will not be fully understood for centuries, at the present rate of progress. Nor do I claim to fully understand them all myself. Still, not something which should be lost......
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An email sent just after the conference:
To: Luda, Robert, Eshua
Subject: Brain dump form Princeton physics meeting
Good morning, folks!
There are times when I try hard to be
clear and focused in an email really written just for you. Please forgive that
this is not one of those. The conference
which I just returned from at Princeton (last Wednesday through yesterday,
Friday) was incredibly rich in important information. I want to get it down on
paper, in legible form, before I forget important things. Some will be of
interest to you, some not. Last year’s Princeton conference was also of great
interest; I kept some notes scrawled on the little book of conference abstracts
last year, as this year, but I begin to remember really important threads I
have largely lost because I did NOT do this brain dump exercise. I may or may
not follow up on any of the “action items” (possibilities for action), given
the complexities of life and given that I am retired, but at least the
information is here.
Some of this will be extremely
confidential. Most is not, but please use common sense and be careful. Above
all, we need to build relations with as many of these people as possible, and
avoid embarrassments.
I will begin with stream of
consciousness memory, which will be long (*and easiest to lose if I don’t write
it down). Then I will decode my notes on the abstracts book, which begins with
a very long “priority to do list” (which I wouldn’t be able to read a month from
now!).
Ia. Memories of Discussion Involving the New
Triphoton Experiment (Time)
My number one hope for this workshop, at
one point, was to nail down the story on the triphoton experiment I proposed,
which seemed to be like a new Michelson-Morley experiment, decisive in refuting
the specific concept of metaphysical observers which has dominated physics for
a century, and leaving time-symmetric physics as I have framed it as the only
theory still consistent with experiment.
The previous physics conference I went
to, in April, was SPIE/DSS, which I told you a lot about already. I gave two
talks, and I sent you slides and papers. To prepare this time, I did a google
scholar search on Werbos 2015, and was amused to see papers already available
on the web which I had thought were inaccessible so far.
At SPIE, Yanhua Shih and his student Tao
Peng came to the session for my first talk, on the history of neural networks,
led by Harold Szu. I had been focused on the session, but then they passed me
two pieces of paper, showing plots of the results of the first triphoton
expeiments, EXACTLY the variation which I had proposed at SPIE in 2014. In
these experiments, they said, they produced exactly the
|0>|0>|1>+|1>|1>|0> GHZ state (three entangled photons) I
asked for,
and the specific choice of polarizer
angles θa and θb. I left the session room (puzzling everyone) and went to sit
with Yanhua and Tao to discuss the results further. I had a printout of my new
SPIE quantum slides (2015) with me, and pointed to the one which had two
equations – one giving the predictions of time-symmetric physics and the other of collapse of the wave
function, for R3/R0 as a function of θa, θb and θc (for the case where the “c”
photons arrives last at its polarizer). (R3 is the rate at which photons are
detected at the end of all three channles, and R0 is the rate at which three
entangled photons are produced. You can think of this ratio as the percentage
of complete survival..) I asked Yanhua which predictions the results fit. He
said “this one,’ pointing to the equation for the symmetric physics. I asked:
“But are they consistent with the other also, so far?” He said “I don’t know,
we haven’t checked.”
That was a very exciting moment for me.
When I came back to the session room, still before my talk, they wondered why I
had left, and missed a special important talk. I apologized to everyone, and
said this was a special exciting moment, maybe historic – new experimental
results as important in my view as Michelson and Morley.
In fact, we had been building up to that
exciting moment for almost a year. In the 2014 Princeton meeting, Shih and Peng
presented their joint work with Scully, published in Physical Review Letters,
about how they used processed thermal light to generate true entangled states –
true Bell states, with the correct R2/R0 curves – and done complicated experiments,
like delayed choice eraser experiments, proving that they are real. At that
conference, Shih said that this new technique is much cheaper than the current
standard method SPDC. It could easily be scaled to entangle 100 photons, and
make optical quantum computing feasible – but he had no funds to actually do
it. At that conference, I asked him more questions, and offered him an NSF
EAGER award, which allows quick funding without external review. Back at NSF, I
discussed it with John Zavada, who handled photons; we agreed jointly to
sponsor the EAGER, and it was signed off on. NSF awards are legally in the
public domain, so this one is posted on the NSF web page. The proposal said
they would study the results with three entangled photons, as a test of interest
in itself, a step towards the 100 photon goal. Shih assured me many times that
he could produce the |(0>|0>|1>+|1>|1>|0>)/sqrt(2) GHz state,
and that he would do the triphoton experiment. By the way, he also said several
times he wanted me to be a coauthor of the paper, as I suggested the
experiment, but I told him always that NSF rules forbid that, and it was not
really necessary.
After I retired from NSF (which I had
not planned for 2015 back when I funded the EAGER!), I could no longer invoke
that rule, but I assured Yanhua that I would follow his decision either way.
At SPIE this year, Yanhua could not come
to my quantum talk, because Tao was registered but he was not, and guards were
especially vigilant. I was careful to say that we need to check some things,
but preliminary results were encouraging, and asked Tao to stand up. Luda later
suggested that praising and encouraging people TOO much can get them scared and
upset , and I see I need to be careful about that. In our discussions outside session
rooms, Yanyhua agreed he would take the lead but insisted I be part of it and
take the lead in writing the part I am closest to. He said in one week, he
would begin, based on some further checking, and he would take the lead in
submitting a joint first paper to PRL.
When I returned from SPIE this year, I
constructed an Excel spreadsheet which, for any choice of qa and qb, gives the
curve of predicted R3/R0 as a function of qc, for the two
alternative prediction formulas (time-symmetric and collapse). It seemed clear
that it agreed with time-symmetric but disagreed with collapse. That was the
most exciting, optimistic moment for me. I emailed Shih and Tao with that
spreadsheet as an attachment. Yanhua said – OK, but let’s wait another week.
Tao has a lot of work to do, and we should not distract him.
*** “GHOSTS”: ANOTHER TOPIC: At SPIE, Tao and Yanhua and I had l lunch
just after my quantum talk, at a little place across the street, where I had a
hamburger and a beer and crab soup, Yanhua had something vegetarian, and Tao
was intermediate. I asked whether astronomers and NASA are really using the
best kind of interferometry for things like exoplanets (citing Hyland). He said
he found it hard to imagine they would not be using the best established inteferometry
(Twiss), but there is somehitng much better coming. He mentioned he had another
student, a woman from Alabama, working on ghost imaging, which, he felt, could
give us another factor of ten improvement in resolution for things lpike
exoplanets and stars in other galaxies. He promised to send me her paper. If we
get a real chance to collaborate more with astronomers (especially Chile, or
Hawaii), there could be important opportunities there. After SPIE, Yanhua never
sent that paper – understandably, since the thermal light experiments became so
challenging, but I did some followup which we need to discuss further. A major
line of opportunity.
-- Back to thermal light experiments:
after a week, Yanhua baiscally said “we have some problems. Please wait more.”
I waited and waited. But then I had to prepare for my talk at Princeton this
week, and Marlan encouraged me to focus on the topics related to the new Shih
experiments. I emailed Yanhua to say I needed to decide what to say, and really
needed to know just where things stand right now.
A day or two later, Yanhua sent an email
and draft paper which seemed to say that they had real troubles. The draft
paper (by Shih and Peng) said that the triphoton results are consistent with
“quantum tehory” (defined as collapse of the wave function), but in the email
Yanhua said the fit was not very good and they needed to work on it more. There
was no mention in the draft of time-symmetric physics (though I did not look at
citation list). A little before that, Yanhua said Peng was having some problems
with definitions of angles, and wanted to be sure he was mapping it correctly.
Seeing that paper, I requested to Marlan
and to Yanhua that I not speak at the conference at all, and that Yanhua take
my slot, to present his own results however he chose. I almost cancelled my
hotel rservation, but decided to wait a few days. Yanhua urged us not to remove
me from the program, and offered to come and present a poster on his results in
addition to my talking. In the end, the conference scheduled us both to speak –
me in a 25 minute slot, after Yanhua 40 minutes.
THEN THIS WEDNESDAY: The old roller
coaster. (In the back of my mind, I kept hearing the song “all we are is dust
in the wind..”. I resist many Buddhist ideas – except maybe half of the high
Tibetan mindfulness effort to act like boddisattva – but there are times when
that is a good way to behave, very compelling.) Two or three very brief
conversations with Yanhua and Tao, brief but VERY high emotional bandwidth, enough
to invoke huge quick bandwidth in my mind, which almost everyone seems to
underestimate. Three major inputs – one
good, two bad. First input: all the experiments so far with the GHz state I
proposed are consistent with time-symmetric physics, and inconsistent with
collapse of the wave function. So even if it is like backpropagation, where I
end up being a lonely hermit for decades (for all my lifetime this time?), I
will have the consolation of knowing for sure that I am the one person on earth
who really knows what the truth of it is. But Tao is totally terrified of what
happens to his career if he is coauthor of a paper which “tries to overturn
quantum mechanics.” Like the assistant professors at Tsinghua introduced to me
by Prof. Sun in July 2014, it seems he is very worried about his reliable
funding, and wants to avoid anything which could make waves. (As Luda warned.)
He does not want visible praise or any connection with controversy. He tried
hard to find different results, but could not. But since he “owns” this, and
Yanhua feels personal obligation towards Tao, the results of the experiment can
not be published! At lunch in SPIE, I noted that Mao, like Tao, came from rural
Hunan, and he could also become famous for a major revolution; as Luda later
said, that was probably a mistake. If only the spirit of Mao could help
straighten the guy out! (I thought of trying such a thing...after some brandy
in an evening... but of course never did anything like it.)
As they groped for ways to cope with
this, including Yanhua’s conflict between promises he gave to me, his own high
scientific honor, versus obligation and promises to Tao, Yanhua first posed
this to me as follows in Princeton:
please forgive, but we cannot really verify your calculation of the predictions.
Thus we cannot publish this. I pointed out that the test which realy matters
most is the comparison between the results of the triphoton experiment and the
predictions of the standard collapse of the wave function. That seemed standard
enough (about half a page of very straightforward complete calculation posted
on the web), but if they felt discomfort, I could respect that, as part of the
moral highground of truth. I proposed a simple solution: “Let me talk to
Marlan. Certainly he knows these collapse calculations. (I saw it when scanning
his famous book, Quantum Optics, with Zubairy, before this conference.) If he
agrees with the arithmetic, and would put his name on the PRL (as he did with
your previous PRL on thermal light), would you agree?” Yanhua said “yes,” I
wanted to talk to Marlan immediately, but Dana Anderson basically pulled him a
way for all his free time that day, so it had to wait.
Later Wednesday, before I spoke to
Marlan, Yanhua said: “It is very important that we also have another problem.
We did not REALLY generate Bell states or GHZ states. We only said we generated
SIMULATED states. The actual sources are sources of a COMBINATION of things,
not just Bell states but other cross states, see? So that is another reason why
we cannot publish this. See... here are powerpoint images of all the crossterms
which confuse this.
“Because we do need to publish
SOMETHING, we will publish something on the other GHz state, the symmetrical
one, (|0>|0>|0>+|1>|1>|1>)/sqrt(2), where the cross terms are
easier to analyze, and the results generally agree with quantum mechanics. Then
we can send the data to you on what we saw from the asymmetrical simulated GHz
state, and you can send this wherever you choose, but not with us.” But he did suggest that we switch places on
Friday, for order of talks.
This was a huge challenge to me. I
asked: “Why did I come anyway? I cannot really say all THIS in the public talk!
But anything less is very embarrassing. Maybe I should go back to the orginal
plan, and just go home by train tonight, and skip the talk. Why not? After all,
I am retired, and if the physics thread dies, it dies, no sense putting god
money after bad.” But I felt no – as a matter of honor, Scully invited me and
committed to pay expenses, and I was on the program. So as a matter of honor, I
would have to stay and make the best of the situation. But what to say? First,
to Scully everything. Next – well, I would select what to say in the talk based
on the two key principles of honor and honesty, simply taking the moral
highground (with respect for needs of Yanhua and Peng and needs for good
feelings). But I was emotionally thrashing all day, and it felt as if I did not
sleep at all that night, considering all kinds of extreme possibilities for where
it might go, and yes, wondering “what does God want here?” (That’s just a
shorthamd, but serious.)
I also did have a few thoughts about how
Tao was misunderstanding what this is all about, and about how to change my
talk, since it clearly needed some changing.
I was especially upset by the
contradiction between what was said earlier about “real Bell states and real
GHZ states,” versus what was said later, and oscillations in the story. I can
understand that noise terms do require serious discussion, as part of the moral
highground of truth, but whenever there is the kind of noise which would
invalidate these results, it should prevent the appearance of zeroes in the
R2/R0 and R3/R0 functions ; I did not see that in any of the experimental data,
and the zeroes by themselves should be enough to be decisive. Yes, we need to
work this all out in all detail, but that should not be an excuse for avoiding
what is most important here (not only to this theoretical point but to a huge
stream of possible technologies). At one time “We do not even have an idea how
to get the real states, to get rid of the noise ones.” Another time, “Here are
perfect entangled states for quantum computing.” Why is it so
context-dependent?
It is amusing just how incredibly
intense the thunderstorm was which broke out that afternoon – but, despite the
forecast, no more rain after that even through this moment.
Thursday morning, in the wee hours,
after maybe a very tiny bit of sleep and meditative state... my mind did not at
all start to records recommendations or ideas about how to handle the larger
dilemmas here. But ir gravitated a lot to the issue of what I might say,
concretely. My draft slides mainly had two parts, the exact same slides I used
at SPIE this year: a computing part (from analog quantum computing to
implementation options) and a basic physics part – the experiment to do the
test. I realized I could ditch the computer part. (Scully did say “keep it
simple,” which is why I said nothing about new work on distribution functions,
work which I would have paid for in blood to have access to ten or twenty years
ago!) I added many new slides, to explain what IS time-symmetric physics, and
why it is NOT an alternative to quantum mechanics, in its modern form. I WISH I
HAD MADE the obvious analogy: just as special relativity can be used EITHER
with classical field theory OR with quantum mechanics, time-symmetric physics –
a STRONGER FORM OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY ITSELF (treating time as just another
dimension) – so too can time-symmetric physics. OK, Einstein and I had personal
views about PDE, but THIS IS NOT ABOUT PERSONALITIES OR EVENABOUT PDE! It is
about a symmetry group, and about the exploitation of that symmetry group. So
folks really need to understand that this experiment is NOT an attack on
quantum mechanics as such, and they should stop being so scared.
So on Thursday, I was much less scared
myself. Maybe I was like a good soldier going into battle, still concerned
about possibilities for being killed, but aware of what I had to do, and calm,
and able to relax enough not to be tense or cold that day. (Late Wednesday it
was a bit harder!) Thursday morning began
On the whole first day, there was just
one talk which I found truly memorable, the talk by Alfred Leitensdorfer of Universitat
Konstanz, who also happened to be at the same hotel I was at. More on that
later. It is a great example of the benefits of this kind of small conference
(about 50 people).
Thursday began with two extremely
memorable talks, first by Zubairy on a new method for lithography, and another
by Fuli Li of Tian Jiatong University on ghost imaging and thermal light. (Also
some very interesting other talks that day.) Fuli’s talk was VERY relevant to
the Shih experiment. Both Yanhua and I spoke with Fuli further, and I received
his card. Maybe I should send him email from Memphis email, since Xi Jinping
seems to be ordering blocking of all gmail to China, It is interesting that
Jerry (Zhi) Tian, who worked with me in ECCS and left just a little before (and
is now in George Mason) has strong ties to that university; I never visited her
after my retirement, but maybe I should make a point of doing it soon. As Fuli
spoke, I could even recognize the same accent as her, different from the
Beijing accent of some other people I recognize!
His talk was about ghost imaging, but he
used thermal light as the source of entangled photons, and cited the work of
Yanhua. Before coming to Princeton, I did some web search, and found three
important papers on ghost imaging, intended to support our collaboration with
Chile (or perhaps Hawaii if Chile is more focused on other things), I found a
paper on the web by Strekalov, Yanhua’s former PhD student, now at a US lab
(JPL I think), which gave more detail on all the tings Ynahua spoke about over
lunch at SPIE. I could recognize similar things in Fuli’s talk. Fuli did not
really explain why the ghost imaging design is as it is (though he had a clear
picture of WHAT it is), but his explanation of entanglement from thermal light through
a beam splitter seemed much clearer to me than last year, where I took a lot on
faith and feeling form Marlan and Yanhua. He had similar problems with
undesired cross terms, and had no way to eliminate them – but he could reduce
them by an order of magnitude or so by injecting squeezed light into the beam
splitter. He showed good results in ghost imaging using that technique.
Later, Yanhua had some questions about
how he might use that technique, to try to suppress noise. “But where can I
find squeezed light, and how should I inject it?” For the first part – yes, we
will both try to stay in touch with Fuli. But I told him – one of the three
most famous people who developed squeezed light in the first place, Dagenais,
is a professor at University of Maryland College Park! Maybe we should meet
together some day at College Park? At NSF, I worked very closely at times with
his wife. Dominique.
I did get to speak very briefly with
Marlan Scully later on Thursday, and gradually started thinking more and more
about the possibility of doing decisive triphoton experiments from OTHER
sources besides thermal light – like SPDC or other platforms discussed at the
conference or in other work I know. (I FORGOT TO ASK ALFRED – has anyone done
Bell experiments on
*************** ACTION ITEM
other platforms, which he knows well, or
would they be able?) I asked Ynahua and Tao at ne point: “Is it still true that
there are only three groups in the world who have entangled three or more
photons enough for the simple true |1>/|0> GHZ states – you, Zeilinger
and Zeilnger’s student now in Sichuan?” He said yes. I asked whether other
groups COULF or MIGHT have done that. He said – some groups might say they
COULD, but I think they do not understand the difficulty. To do that again in
SPDC would be very difficult and expensive. It takes many months to accumulate
enough data and be careful and get significant enough results.
By the way, Luda pointed me to the web
page of the IOP “oral history” interview with Yanhua, circa 2001, which is
really amazing, and says things I did know before even after years. He was
truly the pioneer of using SPDC to generate entangled photons, the standard
method now, because the older method of using two-photon decay was much noisier
and led to far less accurate results. But his great success relied very heavily
on the theoretical work of Klyshko, who came for a long time here to visit and
collaborate. The Klyshko models they used are a variety of time-symmetric
physics!!!
For Thursday dinner... Alfred, whom I
was sitting with, had to leave early to catch a train and airplane, which he
explained and apologized for several times. He actually paid for a taxi, so
that I could stay a little longer there with Hue Xia, who drive me back to the
hotel. Marlan began a realy interesting “trade of stories” session over dinner,
but I had to sneak out, to get back in time to write a whole new set of slides.
(I had sketched out a few possibilities Thursday morning, between 5:30AM and
6:30 AM, but needed to think more and actually go into powerpoint.) Back at
Extended State America, at 7PN, it was very hard for me to focus on the great
challenge of rewriting these slides, to try to really explain time-symmetric
physics. I played solitaire a few times on my Kindle Fire as I tried to focus
my mind, and then focused a bit on the key communication problems, and finally
got up and faced up to the task.
I had almost decided not to bring my
bulky new laptop (with Windows 8 and hypersensitivuty, which endlessly
frustrate me) to Princeton – but since I was traveling and had no airplane
check-in issues, I decided “why not try?” I was very frustrated when I arrived
Tuesday night, that I couldn’t get the much-advertized free wifi in this place
to work, and had put the laptop back in the suitcase in the closet – but then I
pulled it out, put it on the table, and adjusted the chair to be more usable
than that first frustrating night, Tuesday. The chair adjusted up... but in
five seconds collapsed back, so I was struggling with the laptop at a very
awkward height. (Both tables in the room were the same). OK... just keep going.
By 9PM, I had done a reasonable job –
much better than ever before in explaining this, though I could still improve a
bit. I copied the new slides to the flash memory I had brought (thank God!). I
went to clean up. But when I came back to the hall I heard a strange noise. It
sounded like rush of water. I ran to the bathroom, to the toilet where the
noise came from, and opened the usual lid. There was nothing solid there, no
obstruction, but it was flooding very quickly anyway. (My guess is that a part
of the flushing apparatus just broke through old age.) Within second after I
arrives, it overflowed, and got to a half inch or so of depth very quickly. I
ran to the telephone, looked quickly at the choices, and hit “0” for front
desk. (There was also an “emergency” button, but it was just 911, and this was
not for the local fire station.) The front desk guy said: “I’m sorry, but we do
not have any maintenance after hours. I can put you in another room, but that’s
all. Any repairs will have to wait for tomorrow.” Me: “You don’t understand.
The water is rising at a rate of about an inch per minute. If no one does
anything until tomorrow, your hotel will be flooded, and there will be major
damage. “ Him: “I’m sorry, but we cannot do anyting about maintenance until
after hours.” Me: “I am not a plumber, but it seems the only choice you give me
is to try to learn VERY fast.”
Of course, Luda could have done better,
since she knows more about many, many things, but I did the best I could, in my
ignorance. I raced back, and saw that it was up to two inches, in a wooden
floor. Triage: I focused first on trying to stop the flood of new watre. Of
course, I tried jiggling the handle even before I called the front desk. I
lifted the lid, and played ignorantly with various parts which were
half-familiar to me. Chains and flaps... tried but couldn’t do anything useful
with them. Lifted a high black cylinder (“the float, dummy” said Luda later),
and that worked. Ah, so much relief! No need to call for Noah instantly. But
now what? Do I spend the day holding this instead of giving my talk the next
day? If it is in the right position now, can I let go or prop up one of the
other things in here somehow? No, that didn’t work. OK, can I insert something
in there under the cylinder to prop it up? Like what? Looking around... towels
were close enough that I could use them, and grab with one hand while keeping
the cylinder up with another. I pushed the towel in and let go... well, not quite, still spurting. Try again, another
position. Not quite. Eventually I found a position that worked. I breathed a
second sigh of relief and relaxed a bit.
Meanwhile... I am standing in two inches
of (clear) water, in wet socks and so on. I grab the nearest trash can, and use
it sideways to scoop up water and toss it into the bathtub... just like the old
days, bailing bilge water on my grandfather’s boat. After a bit of bilging, I
called Luda...with good news and bad news... and said I did not plan to talk to
that front desk guy again about changing rooms. Too late already and I needed
sleep for tomorrow. I went back to bilging... after removing the little plastic
bag from the trash can. It took a long, long time, but I got the water depth
down to maybe an eighth of an inch at the deepest part, and had two very wet
towels. I resolved not to drink anything until I got back to Princeton.
What kind of sign was THIS about the
situation I was in? And when would I have the pleasure of writing a one-star
review for Extended Stay America, which also had an HVAC system and
refrigerator in the room which sounded like airplanes taking off in the room
all night and a grossly incompetent outsourced reservation line for the chain?
(If you call a local hotel, never press “1”!) By the way, no little tea/coffee
maker in the room, no glass glasses, and extreme hassle to anyone who tries to
collect on their promise to provide pots if asked (as I saw with folks ahead of
me in check-in). No new soap or shampoo after the first day. They said “no
problem” having a wakeup call each of
the three days – but it only came on one of the three. The clock radio had no
radio stations on any band – just really awful noise. (Still, I use those things
only because they help me sleep better. I have never failed to wake up just
before the alarm, in any hotel I have stayed in.)
But on Friday morning, after good sleep
and shower (yes, still in that bathroom, much drier after a night of
evaporation), check-out was very pleasant. Probably it was good practice for me
that I had to tell this story in clear and colorful terms, twice, to the
checkout clerks. I emphasized: “I already just checked out. I am not telling
you this to complain, but to warn you, because I am worried about what might
happen to the poor cleaning person why might come in, and remove the dirty
towel from the toilet... and then feel a bomb went off in her face!” And of
course I explained how I saved their hotel. So they were friendly and thankful, and at 8AM
we were all clam and happy as I met my ride to Princeton.
Before I forget... while I was waiting
for my ride (I checked out almost an hour before 8AM, in part to feel safe), an
oriental looking US-sounding woman approached me and asked about “that group of
you talking about quantum stuff.” It turns out she was a biologist visiting
from Chicago. I asked her a few questions about her work, and regretted later
that I did not ask more. She was studying acid/base balance control in the kidney
“which controls the balance for the entire body.” I could use a bit better
understanding of that system... but came 8AM, when Gerald Diebold of Brown
showed up, and drove us both to campus. (Gerald knows Leon Cooper somewhat, and
says Leon is still active, more in brain stuff. He never knew Marc Bear or Jim
Anderson.)
I was a bit uncomfortable about speaking
in the SECOND session, at 11:25, since I am a morning person, since I really
needed to communicate well, and since intermediate talks might dull my “great
communicator” skills such as they are. But fortunately, the first two talks
were very interesting and clear. I will discuss all those later. At the break,
the guy who owned the “conference laptop” (Anatoly) was actually surprised I
could figure out his new fancy laptop well enough to get my first slide to
display right without help... but when I tried to go to slide two, it took a
strange song and dance, reminding me of how the newer and fancier laptops seem
ever less usable for humans.
At slide two, I intended to give two
examples (not on the slides) of how phyiscs had difficulties in moving on, in
the past, when basic issues like this came into play. I only remembered to give
the first example... thanking Wolfgang Schleich (of Ulm) for taking us on
Thursday after lunch to the room where Einstein and Von Neumann and department
had meetings... rmeinding me of all the incredible emotional opposition
Einstein faced to the assertion that time is just another dimension. It
violated so many people’s “common sense” about how time is so different, to
which Einstein replied: “common sense is just a collection of prejudices
acquired before the age of 18.” I said that time-symmetric physics has been
held back by two major things, partly these kinds of crazy emotions, and partly
due to some reasonable questions I would get to on the next slide. Olga of
Texas A&M asked for some examples (and so I forgot to compare mention
people who killed anyone who proposed that the earth was round, who felt their
sense of “down” must be universal), I did not name names... but mentioned a
leading physicsit who said his brian could not adapt to such a thing... but I
invoked the Hebb award and brian scinece to say, yes, we CAN adapt if we choose
to do so... I forgot to mention recurrent networks and Goldman-Rakic... but may
do so on a later occasion.
Beyond that, it is almost all on my
slides. I mentioned Duerr in my discussion of square measurement. Germans broke
in – they know him, but he may be dead or in China now. ‘I last saw him in
2008.”
Actually, I started by thanking Marlan
profusely for a chance to learn all this great stuff, whiich I wish I had
learned earlier. And for his advice – this time “to keep it simple.” I said I
deleted the first half of the talk – “but if you are interested in those
topics, my page in the abstract book gives URLs with lots of detail.” I
reviewed last year’s experienced... and reported I was vey sad that getting to
100 entangled photons seems a lot harder now than I did before. I left NSF, but
NSF asked me to develop the options here before I left. Now that we know quantum computing with
photonics is harder than it seemed it would be a year ago (part of the normal
ups-and-downs of real science), I agree with them that other application areas –
like imaging, communications, energy – seem closer at hand than quantum
computing in any form. But the science if very important...
And then, yes, I followed the slides,
which I need to copy over.
************* ACTION ITEM
In the question period, Marlan urged me
to look at his joint papers with Schwinger. “We already found a continuous time
model based on Stern-Gerlach which reproduced collapse of the wave function. We
need to get together on this and do something together.” I thanked him, noted
the reference, but said: “Of course, I only worked out the predictions for this
experiment for two classes of model. I cannot yet say what your model or
analysis would predict before I study it.” Him “Oh, that’s easy. It just gives
what quantum mechanics gives.” Me: “The key thing is that we need to let our
theories be driven by experiment, and the experiment needs to be performed.”
Him: “Oh, that’s easy. The experiment has already been done, and it confirms
quantum mechanics.” Me: “This is not about testing whether quantum mechanics
fits something. It’s about trying to learn which VERSION of quantum mechanics
fits.” Then he got up and shook hands with me.
In retrospect, I probably should have
emphasized what is new and essential about the specific triphoton experiment
which I proposed – about the ability to DISCRIMINATE between two classes of
theory. That requires that the predictions be worked out for BOTH classes of
theory. We knew long ago that collapse fits SOME experiments – the Bell
experiments, which ALSO fits time-symmetric theory. I doubt anyone else has
previously suggested an experiment which tests BOTH (although I suppose I
should look over recent work by Aharonov, and there was “Popper” work by Shih
which may prove the point in a very implicit hidden way which could not change
anyone’s mind).
I left hoping that a few people would be
bright enough to see this crucial point, even though I did not emphasize it, as
the new ideas “sink in.” In fact, as I sat at the Trenton train station, Marlan
called, and asked that yes, we should collaborate and follow up – more detail
when I am in a less noisy environment! There is hope.
After my talk, Yanhua and Peng first
presented theory very similar to what they presented last year. They said
nothing about “that asymmetric GHz state, which is much more difficult” (except
for that brief comment itself), but seemed to suggest perfect Bell and quantum
computing states, and a model CNOT system.
It was amusing that the speaker after
Yanhua/Peng, Kulkarni of CUNY, began by saying: “we have been entangling
something totally different – not photons, but qubits.”
At the final stage, Marlan suggested
that he, Yanhua, Peng, Suhail Zubairy and I sit together in one side of the
room, eating the box lunch. (Not nearly so luxurious as the lunch the previous
day... ah, the great Korean flank steak sandwich!) Fuli Li joined us, and other
quiet people at the far side. Marlan was thinking about some intense questions
about off-diagonal terms... which Suhail started to explain, becoming really
the entire focus of discussion. Marlan also talked about 2-point and 3-point
correlation functions (across time), and I began to wonder whether 3-point
correlation functions might be a venue for testing ideas linked to triphoton
effects or my new distribution functions.
I was starting to think... a Martian
might characterize the 20th and 21st centuries, IF we
make progress (very unclear), as the time when humans finally learned, how to
count, first from one to two, and then form two to three. I thought of the song
I sang to my little grand daughter Evelyn last summer (soon after her birth):
“One little two little three little photons....(repeat three times).. can
change all of the world.” Throughout the
conference, many leading experimenters found more and more instances of quantum
entanglement, almost the whole basis (together with coherence and distribution
functions) of modern quantum optics... in effect, Bell states everywhere, once
they all understood them and knew how to look for them... so what could we be
able to do, in these venues, when we learn better how to UNDERSTAND and LOOK
FOR states like
|0>|0>|1>+|1>|1>|0>? THOSE are the triphoton entangled
states, really, not |0>|0>|0>|+|1>|1>|1>, which is basically
just an old style coherent state. As
Kulkarni talked about how his group generated Bell states by “things which
happen” in connected cavities, I found myself thinking: “maybe we can do
something similar, to get new ways to generate triphoton RNTANGLED states
(again, not just coherent), maybe by having three cavities and something like
that pi switch plate that Marlan discussed in his talk about superradiance.
Something of that flavor. Yes, we need to fight the photon wars, but maybe
those warns are a sign that it is not too early to think more about other
platforms.
During my talk, when I mentioned the
three groups, I noted that Zeilinger;s student had actually entangled MORE
photons (8) than the other two, mainly because he (in Sichuan) got lots of
money from China. (Who in China? I did not discuss.) Over dinner, Yanhua
casually mentioned that he had huge money problems, that he likes Fuli, so
maybe HE should go to China to get money and do what he wants to do. Clearly,
international collaboration is a crucial way to get funds and new teams in this
area, as events in NSF and Congress and other “translational;” places in the US
make it more difficult here. I have higher hopes for Ulm/Austria/Konstanz right
now, but we must play by ear, and think hard about what specific hardware capabilities
are needed and possible, where.
The last thought I can remember (without
checking notes) on this specific topic came to me this morning. Already, when I
was writing about how get to the AQC technology, I admitted that we will ALSO
need time-symmetric models (lumped or continuous) of OTHER important circuit
elements, sooner or later, like beam splitters. Perhaps it becomes sooner.
Thermal light is a lot about beam splitters. Maybe I need to build new models
explicitly for them, allowing to get deeper into the actual physics of the
thermal light experiments as such, getting into the physics of “the source” and
not just the physics of the polarizer. So maybe I could bypass the noise
issues, and perhaps even come up with a simpler decisive experiment. Maybe.
This will not be immediate, and with my life and social context as they are,
maybe I will never have time or context even to start. But maybe. We will see.
I remember studying a lot of the papers by Zeilinger about how HE generated GHz
states with SPDC, and that was already complicated. I need to ask – how can we
do this in a way which might require months of set up and research (or even
years) but NOT require expensive months of data collection to get the results?
That is a challenge to experiment design, may a bit more for me and Scully than
Yanhua, but who knows?
========================================
=======================================
Ib – from memory, other issues, from physical to
technical
Ib.1
Beforehand: re-scanning the classic Quantum Optics by Scully and Zubairy
To prepare a bit, I first pulled out
Scully and Zubairy, Quantum Optics, which I respected but never really studied
(as I had other sources which were easier in a way for folks trying first to
really understand the math). As I did so, I felt bad I had not studied the book
a lot more before, and cited it. For example, It TOO talks a lot about
distribution functions, and cites a very important classic review by Wigner,
Hillery, O’Connell and Scully.
In general, Walls/Milburn and Carmichael
are clearer about the axiomatic side of what they discuss, but Scully is a lot
clearer about what it really means, and about the interface with the real
world. Scully did “write the book” (with Sargent etc) explaining the laser, but
two chapters here give an excellent account, bridging the wo0rld of thoeyr and
the world of experiment. At the conference, I heard people saying: “It is scary
how MANY really important papers and new tecnologies Scully is part of. I guess
that is what happens when you are a good enough theorist, and can work with
many applications and experiments.” I can resonate with part of that, but the
CONNECTION between theory and experiment and application is what makes Scully
so incredibly unique. And also, of course, his ability to work with people. We
did get a fairly deep confidential discussion one of those days, and I learned
lots of interesting things I would not have guessed about his background. For
example, he even studied a lot about law over a couple of years, and beat out
some professional firms in reasonably high-level cases.
Some topics in the book we need to
follow up on – e.g. interferometry. I need to study Hyland’s exoplanet paper
carefully, compare with VLBI activities and Scully... to see just how much near-term
improvement is possible in imaging objects in space, even before we get to
higher-order quantum effects, which I also hope we have time to get with. I
have ideas about POSSIBLE add-ons to regular telescopes “to see the sun as it
will be eight minutes in the future, and distant galaxies billions of years” ..
AFTER the triphoton stuff is ready, and IF we navigate through the next set of
challenges. But there is a market and a
very nice empirical test possible, and a guy in Hawaii we met. Xian is one
obvious place to add to collaborations if so.
I note from Scully’s book that the main
benefit of Twiss inteferometry over simpler stuff seems to be about canceling
atmospheric noise terms. Yet Hyland said his HBT based constellation optics
design would give much better resolution for constellations of satellites in
space looking out, where atmospheric turbulence is not a problem. I need to
nail down what is going on here.
Scanning Marlan’s book, I also saw a
VERY clear section on “lasing without inversion” (LWI) which was the basis for
HIS new work funded by NSF in 2013 – but the book was ever so much clearer and
simpler than any of what I saw at NSF! Such a simple idea... we do not need
more excited states than ground states, if we engineer ground states somehow so
that they do not absorb much energy, so that emission from the excited states
dominates the output.
Ib2.
Travel and Meeting Alfred of Konstanz
I left for Princeton on Tuesday, with
two copies each of the Amtrak tickets (one to go, one to come back, separate)
printed from the Amtrak website. At 2:30 or 3PM, Luda dropped me off at
Ballston metro. At 4PM, had sausage and peppers at Sbarro’s in Union Statrion.
At 5, boarded the train. At 7:30, got off at Princeton junction.
Wednesday morning, Alfred and I met,
both half an hour for our 8AM ride with Hui Xia from Suckewer’s laser lab at
Princeton (which I funded years before, for an EAGER on new technology to
address the orbital debris problem). Alfred described how close they are to
Switzerland, how he guides mountain tours for his school, and how Wolfgang
leads a great network of collaboration in that area. He had to fly back late
Thursday, to attend his son’s wedding, which they could not reschedule because
the current Catholic priest in his area is relatively liberal and is being
replaced by a new one whom they fear might be a problem. Maybe his son’s new
wife was Protestant? I forget.)
Ib3.
Background and Start of the Workshop
At the start of the workshop... Marlan
thanked Wolfgang and Leon Cohen for their great work in helping organize the
conference. There were many people from Germany, probably due a lot to
Wolfgang’s efforts. It seemed to be US-Germany-China to a great degree. They
noted that this was one in a long continuous string of meetings, including ne
which featured a Wigner-Wheeler debate. Glauber was very active last year, giving
a tutorial on distribution functions (mainly his “P” type) and a long after
dinner speech showing pictures from the Manhattan Project, talking about Von Neumann,
Teller, Bohr, Oppenheimer and many others, with pictures. I have the impression
that just two of the folks this year were Nobelists (Fred Lee and Herschbach),
but that’s just an impression.
Ib4.
Memories Hour by Hour as I look at the one-page schedule -- Wednesday
Ib4a.
Talks on “revivals” – more later
Wednesday morning (I look at the schedule
now) was a lot about “revivals,” which pose questions Wolfgang is trying to
understand. More later. Alexander Kaplan talked about light pressure in cosmology
(more later), but people did not understand it all.
Ib4b.
Talk by Alfred – measuring “electric vacuum fluctuations”, discussion and
implications
Alfred – an experimentalist and
condensed matter guy, reaching out in collaboration to Wolfgang discussed an
ultrafast technology for measuring electric fields. It is so fast, he reported,
that he has measured the vacuum fluctuations of the electric field, a subject
dear to the heart of ZPE and Casimir enthusiasts, whom he did not discuss. “And
yet,” he said in conversation, with no prodding at all from me, “it all seems
to follow straight Maxwell’s Laws.”In conversation, I mentioned that last
year’s Princeton conference focused a lot on the question: “where does the
noise come from anyway?” It turns out that the Feynman version of quantum field
theory (FQFT) and the Copenhagen canonical version (KQFT) really have important
differences – most important being about vacuum fluctuations. In KQFT, the
noise basically comes from initial conditions; the dynamics follow “the normal
form Hamiltonian,” which has no noise. In FQFT, the “Fulll” Hamiltonian is used
which contains zero point energy terms – in effect, noise which comes from the
dynamics of the universe, from “God throwing the dice again and again everywhere.”
In KQFT, spontaneous emission is predicted by using the “Fermi Golden Rule,”
which seems to me to be every bit as ad hoc as the collapse assumption. In FQFT
and today’s Cavity QED (CQED), sponatenous emission is predicted by considering
interactions with the background vacuum field, just like FQFT. I said to
Alfred: “It would be nice of we could find a decisive experiment for this
choice too, also allowing my own alternative, a third view. In my view, the
spontaneous emission is due to a KIND of interaction with actual fluctuations,
but not with local dice – rather due to convolution of probabilities with
RECEIVING reservoirs in the future, with what I call Pr+ in my
continuous time MRF equations. I do hope we can think of ways to test this kind
of thing.
Still, being wrong on this point would
not bother me nearly as much as the collapse of the wave function!! Alfred
calculated vacuum energy (measured field fluctuations) worth about 10 watts per
cubic centimeter. **IF** that should turn out to be real, I have an appendix at
the end of my 2015 paper in IJBC... and extracting it probably would be
possible, and that’s a LOT of energy folks, supposed to be available even in
space! It reminds me of the Book of Revelations. But again, my interest would
be in developing experiments to FIND OUT which teoyr is right, and what is
real, not to prove any preferred outcome. I have more notes on his talk... to
come.. One audience member (Andrei Ruckenstein, recently Dean at BU whom I
talked with over coffee earlier) asked whether this had anything to do with
Casimir; Alfred said he did not connect with that thread. (Ruckenstein was
Grossberg’s dean , and had developed the key linearized models discussed with a
lot of the revival stuff. He complained about Grossberg ignoring or rejecting
experiments which did not confirm his (G’s) theories.)
Ib4c.
Dana Anderson talk on atomtronics, Bose-Einstein on a chip
Next spoke Dana Anderson. Martin said:
“This guy has a company selling Bose-Eintsein condensates on a chip. Or so they
tell me. Is it true, and how much do they cost?” “750K,” said Dana. Dana gave a very tutorial talk about
“atomtronics,” trying to use whole atoms instead of electrons to do the same
kind of job. (He didn’t say much to motivate it that I could see.) He discussed
how chemical potential (marginal system energy per addition of an atom) plays
the same role as voltage in electronics. And at certain boundaries,
Bose-Einstein. Marlan seemed interested mainly because of the interesting
application of Bose-Einstein math, and Dana really wanted ro work with Marlan
to nail down that subject. Wolfgang asked if this was a kind of Maxwell’s Demon
(as it sounded at several points); Dana said no, he never gets close to such
thing. (At coffee, he said his wife – Popovic -- famous for a paper in IEEE/MTT on amorphous
electromagnetic energy scavenging, is doing well.)
Ib4d.
Diebold talk on interference of DeBroglie waves, and discussions of
international science
Gerald Diebold (who also stayed at
extended stay and took us to and from campus a few times) gave a talk on a kind
interference and entanglement effect with “De Broglie waves,” building on
similar work by Vigier et al. It sounded about the same as Bell type work in
the bottom line, but on a different platform. He does more work on
photoacoustics, and we talked about life and science in general a lot to and
from the campus. Alfred and Olga (of TAMU, not at the hotel) told us at various
times about ups and downs of science in Germany, EU and Russia. Olga says her
collabortaors at Kazan now have a better lab than she does now, that science
was starting to recover a few years again Russia, but went back down due to the
economic problems. Her main collaborators are with the institute of physical
sciences near (at?) Moscow, Germany is much better than the US now, but fears
of bad news in euroeconomy hang over us all.
Ib4e
Free electron laser
Giese of Ulm gave a talk on free
electron laser, which seemed extremely solid and useful, but not my area.
(Maybe more notes later, maybe not.)
Ib4f.
“Bohr atom” and interpolation to calculate spectrum of helium
Herschbach gave a clear talk on how to
use “dimensional interpolation” get a very accurate but quick and dirty
calculation of the spectrum of helium. This seems to be “Bohr atom” thread
which Marlan has been so excited by lately. But dimensional interpolation is so
clearly nonphysical... that I am not so interested myself. I saw earlier “Bohr”
papers which made me wonder: could these be a bridge in some ways to my
different picture of the atom? But nothing like that here in any way.
Ib4g.
Leon Cohen on finding “quantum” formulas in proper probability theory
Leon Cohen gave a talk on deriving
quantum looking formulas from straight probability theory. He was nice and
clear, as mathematicians can sometimes be more than physicists usually are. But
it was all one variable, and he said “this only works in one dimension.” I
raised my hand to explain that it can be – and has been – extend to more, and
started to give SOME of the kinks to P distribution functions, but the chair
rules we were out of time. (Before me, there were many intense questions by
folks a little freaked out.) BEFORE his
talk, from his abstract, I was curious; I asked if he really knew about
operator field algebra and distribution functions, and he said yes for sure. I
said we might discuss some possible collaboration (I was thinking of my new F
map), but after this talk... well, I had other priorities to attend to.) But
who knows? I made a point of saying good things about probability theory in my
own talk Friday, and should perhaps beef that up even re if I ever go through
this again.
Ib4h.
Late Wednesday: O’Connell didn’t make it, talks not in my core interests
At the last session on Wednesday...
O’Connell didn’t make it. (He later emailed to say that it was the fault of
American Airlines, and he was upset they didn’t announce that to everyone.) A
guy named Bondar gave a talk on “deriving our models from data not theories,”,
citing Schwinger a lot , which sounded good to experimental people – but as he
spoke it became really clear that this was effective but false advertizing. I
compared it to medieval hermeneutic proving the existence of god... but... no,
not to more than one person. Efremov of
Ulm had a very elegant talk on how tell when quantum beam is nonGaussian, but
it was unclear why. One questioner asked: “Aren’t you trying to find out whether
it is nonclassical state?” No, it was just about being Gaussian or not. I
forget the talk by Ben-Benjamin, but probably have notes.
Ib5.
Memories Hour by Hour as I look at the one-page schedule --Thursday
Ib4a.
Zubairy – a new breakthrough in lithography
On Thursday morning, Zubairy’s talk on lithography
was impressive, clear and exciting. He began by saying that the electronics
industry (and other folks who need lithography like integrated photonics) were
still running into problems with the diffraction limit, which requires ever
higher frequencies to get even smaller frequencies, despite the academic and
laboratory work on subwavelength lithography ( a kind of superresolution). I
wondered how this fit with the work of Eli Yablonovich, my former classmate,
whom I often cited as having broken the diffraction limit problem! Then, on his
first literature review slide, he listed about six papers, starting with a
first paper by Eli, which he very much acknowledged. “This is great work, but
none of it has reached industrial
strength yet. Before me, it was based on entangled photons, which birngs in the
questoins of how we make them at affordable cost and so on. But my new method
uses CLASSICAL light with Rabi oscillations only... here are the papers,.
Includng a new one which actually applied it to lithography, and demonstrated
fabrication with resolution nine times smaller than the diffr5action limit says
is possible. The math says that we can reduce feature size a million fold this
way; nine was just a first crude proof of principle.
That was truly great, but Alfred – who
is closer to the real industry – raise his hand and said,”The situation out
there is not as bleak as you described. Industry has already been exploiting
threshold effects, a new way to get subdiffraction, which buys another factor
of two or four. Have you looked into COMBINING the now-standard threshold techniques
with your methods?” (Suddenly I remembered that it was THRESHOLD effects that
Eli was emphasizing in the NSF QMHP workshop – my story was exactly true,
still, but could use details to make it clear,)
Zubairy said no, that a million fold is already good enough improvement
and did not need boosters. We discussed this further over coffee; I said, given
the uncertainties, than an optimal development program would probably include
PARALLEL efforts to push Zubairy’s stuff to a million-fold real-world improvement,
ALONG with efforts to develop a hybrid method in case that work out better. But
yes, who wuld pay and who would do the work?
Ib5b.
Fuli Li – ghost imaging using thermal light squeezed
Fuli Li I already mentioned (Ia). He
began his talk with beautiful pictures of Xian – three of places we have
visited and were deeply impressed by. Again, the ghost imaging is an important
opportunity. See also my notes from the
book of abstracts.
Ib5c.
Olga and collaborator – X ray lasers and shaping pulse for quantum memories
Next on Thursday was Olga of TAMU. We
talked a lot over coffee, and I certainly mentioned Luda. Olga’s talk was about developing higher power
X ray lasers, to stimulate atomic nuclei... to try to create quantum memories
based on 100 Mev Mossbauer transitions. Naturally, I also thought of other
coherent/nucleon work, but we all mostly avoided that subject. It really isn’t
such highpower – just high power per photon, aimed at delicate quantum
computing things. Suckewer of Princeton noted that the whole approach has major
limits in power intensity, as is needed in many other applications. Notes to
follow? A follow-on talk by Zhang of TAMU described more about the quantum
memory design. Quantum memory is a key part of the goal of building “quantum
networks,” as he said, but I mentioned over coffee that my main interest for
now is with obstacles to having anything worth networking.
From Olga and from Hui Xia (Suckewer’s
coworker) I learned that LWI, and EIT (Electronically Induced Transparency, a
way to get LWI) are crucial to their work on X ray lasers, simply because
dissipation and opaqueness problems at high frequencies are a fundamental
barrier to making X ray lasers by conventional approaches.
In her talk, Olga also gave a list of
emerging critical component technologies for Xray lasers.
Ib5d.
Phil Hemmer on Biosensing and Making Tiny Diamonds
The second Thursday morning session
began by a talk with Philip Hemmer of TAMU, whom I got to talk to a lot.
----------------- ACTION ITEM
Philip has been pursuing biosensing
passionately for decades, and I promised to send him my talk and slides on
sensing the brain, which we discussed. His own main emphasis is on using Ni or
Si vacancies in diamond for developing sensors of exquisite sensitivity, able
to “See” protein structure for the first time, and small enough to be inserted
into cells. He did review other ways to address protein conformation, in vivo
and in vitro; he noted that X-ray crystallography lies behind 90% of the
protein molecules we actually know, but is very expensive and thus is applied
only to a few, and is only in vitro. His small new diamonds have shown great
success, but still are a bit far from application, in part because issues of
systems design beyong just development and injection of the sensor itself.
Ib5e.
Superradiance talks and revisiting how spontaneous emission really works
Then began a whole series of talks on
“superradiance” and Dicke states, which was new to me, but shouldn’t have been.
It seems that it too is in Marlan’s book, but I never heard of it. Dicke’s
theoretical breakthrough was all applied to marginal issues in NMR, but Scully
extended the method/model to be useful in quantum optics, where it is big stuff
now. In essence, the idea is that “spontaneous emission” (which may be in
response to just one foreign photon coming down the line) is actually a
COLLECTIVE effect, strengthen by a factor of N (not the expected random
independent sqrt(N)) when there are lots of excited atoms in the line, close
enough. This is a big emphasis for Marlan, and I have lots of scrawled notes.
One interesting aspect: Marlam mentioned a critic who said “This is still all
just Fermi’s golden rule for spontaneous emission.” Scully had a
mathematical/empirical reply showing it is NOT. So what is it? Is this
something to add to the discussion with Alfred about CQED testing or CQEDII? It
all fits beautifully with my images of how light quantization actually works...
but new experiments and devices are always critical to look for.
Ib5f.
From superradiance to new more poiwerful types of lasers or QASER, laser II
After lunch, this continued, and built
up to a talk on the QASER, a new more general post-laser design from Marlan.
But the presenter, a woman named Luojia Wang, spoke a lot like young very
scared but nice young woman I once knew from very south China. (Yet another
accent becoming familiar!) It was not so clear, and not incisive at all.
Perhaps Marlan thought the graphs speak for themselves, and perhaps they did
for some people.
Assorted further talk on Thursday...
more notes to come. Suckewer talked about lasers like 10**18 watts per square
centimeter, but Hui warned this gets diluted when they use it for harmonics
applications... more later.
Ib6.
Memories Hour by Hour as I look at the one-page schedule --Thursday
Then Friday morning, the most important
one for me, as I already discussed (Ia).
Ib6a.
Sprangle on high powered pulsed lasers, applications and pulse propagation
The first talk by Sprangle of NRL and
UMCP, was one of the most exciting of the conference, and Scully appeared to
conclude that as well. Sprangle gave a very nice high-level overview of REAL
high powered lasers, talking about a number of applications I look at a lot
when I think about things of real importance to the real world. I will have
notes. For now – high level stuff. Sprangle had told us at dinner the night
before that he had spent more than four hours driving form Great Falls Virginia
to Princeton, and was ever so frustrated by traffic. He said he planned to
drive back Wednesday in time for rush hour. Marlan pushed very hard for him to
stay, and try to get home after rush hour. “Hey, we will pay for you to stay in
a hotel tonight, and for your dinner with us. We have SO much to talk about...”
Part was about propagation of high
energy beams through the atmosphere, part about driving plasmas to drive
electrons. A key person in the audience was Richard Miles, of Mech and AEro
Princeton, whom I had funded for years on pasma hypersonics (via Ray Chase and
ANSER). I talked to Miles briefly, and apologized I had no time Thursday
evening to talk to Stengel (a great guy I wanted to talk to again, but my
schedule was mission impossible). Miles said he hand;t form or about Chase for
years, but was still in touch with Mark Lewis and would send me informatoin
about the coming ASF SAB meeting in DC which he will go to. I told hima about
my IEEE roles (but what do I really do this year?)
Sprangle “laughed” at millions of
dollars spent to coherently combine laser beams (match phases) to try to
augment delivered power. “Our noncoherent combination is much easier, cheaper
an better...and through the atmosphere is JUST as good as any coherent beam of
the same power! That’s due to atmospheric propagation effects” (which he
described in great detai, noting howe local turbulence causes “fuzzing” while
larger-scale turbulence causes “wandering” off target.)
Sprangle discussed his work for DTRA, to
develop a method to detect nuclear materials which emit gamma rays from some
distance away. He used Cobalt60, as
might be used for a “dirty bomb” ( a
bomb which does not explode but emits radioactivity), as test target. Materials
like that ionize a lot of the air near them, so that lasers can be used to
sweep the area and look for patches of high ionization. He ran through the
basic ideas and a few numbers.
---
ACTION ITEM: follow up with Miles..
-------------------
After Sprangle’s talk, I wanted to
discuss how Sprangle’s findings might affect the effective length of a plasma
accelerator, a key issue in Miles’ earlier work, by quantum principles that
NASA failed to accounting for in previous discussions. But no time... and who should I discuss that
with anyway?
Ib6b.
Dogariu on Lasing in Air (making the atmosphere be a laser)
After Sprangle spoke Dogariu of
Prinecton, part of Miles’ group, talking about lasing in air – a very clear and
important talk, even though overshaowed a bit by Sprnagle.
It’s neat that dissociatoin AND
ecitatoin of Ni2 in air can be achieved by a single well-tuned frueqency, in
the range of what Ti-sapphire lasers produce... which makes me wonder how that
might affect propagation of THOSE beams in atmosphere. Another question for later, osisbly even
useful.
Ib6c.
Another attosecond talk, and discussions of nuclear stuff and time
Edwards of Princeton then talked about
attosecond pulses from crystals.. not so different form what Olga was
discussing, but it gains some clarity to have it discussed form another vantage
point. Yes, important new technologies, with nuclear implications. When people
asked my views of some nuclear things, in off-the-record discussions, I
generally compared it to sex – a subject
of great interest to me but potentially explosive and hard to talk about,
especially in public. But I then noted that the four-letter word “time” also
raises intense emotions, and I couldn’t avoid the need to talk about it here; I
had to face up and address it. (At SPIE I had just cited papers which cited an
old paper, and the painful lesson to me on Wednesday was that this was not
enough. )
This reminds me – that over coffee,
talking with Ruckenstein of BU, who was very critical of Grossberg. I
acknowledged the problem with Grossberg. “In fact, I am at the center of the
OTHER group in neural networks, which pursues a different type of model. But it
seems better not to get into conflict, to seek good relations with the other
part of the field, even though our approach is quite different. When we see
that Grossberg is doing something silly, we are called first to see whether we
ourselves might be doing something similar that we need to work on, pursuing
theory in a way which does not open up to empirical reality. For example, there
are those superstring people, and even a lot of QCD.” Him: “Yes... superstring
people, but how could there be any of that with QCD (the standard theory today
of strong nuclear reactions). To him, or to a third person who entered... I
said: “I was a student of Schwinger. Schwinger had a different theory of what
protons and neutrons are made of. A few years back, I looked up the literature
to try to see what is known about the choice between these two theories. I was
aghast to find that there was no really decisive experiment yet done to resolve
this important question, even though the limited empirical work so far seemed
to favor Schwinger’s more than QCD.” I vaguely remember Diebold at a later
occasion giving another example of theorists arguing violently when a simple
experiment might have resolved the issue. (Of course, I was also thinking
of Wednesday.)
Ib6d.
Two talks before mine
The last talk before mine (and before
the break) ... maybe THAT was the one with chambers I might like to generalize
to make entangled triphoton.... but it was hard to focus knowing the challenge
soon to come for me.
And in the bitter end.. last two
talks... both were extremely coherent and clear, but more notes to come.
Nothing to change the story above.
Ib6e.
Discussions after my talk and Return Home – mainly Scully, Zubairy
At the final box lunch... I already
mentioned that. At 1:30 PM, I told Hui Xia I would prefer to be safe, to leave
at 2PM for Princeton train station to catch a NJ transit train to Trenton,
where I had a 5:02 POM ticket on Amtrak to get back to DC. Just before we sat
down with Marlan, Suhail Zubairy smiled a big smile and said... he did not
realize beforehand who I was with neural networks and what I was doing... and
he would very much like to talk more and collaborate. I said “for sure,” and
then sat down with him and Marlan and Yanhua and Fuli and Tao...
I hoped to do a lot of this brain
dumping on my laptop on Amtrak, but the geometry was not so easy. Maybe if I
had prepared better to fit the small (though > airline) space? So I mainly
did “sumo” sudoku. At Union Station, I did stop by Sbarro’s, thinking to check
teh pizza and steak sandwich, and maybe buy both, eat two pieces of pizza, take
the rest home as I did before with Three Brothers in Maryland. One pizza looked
really great to me.. but $26 for the pie, smaller than Three Brothers, so I
passed.
==========================================================
II. Reviewing/Explaining/Deciphering My Notes on the
Book of Abstarcts
=========================================================
That’s all I remember form off the top
of my head, first by memory and then stimulated by looking at the one-page
schedule. Next come my scrawled notes on the book of abstracts.
IIa. My “Priority” List on the Inside First Pages
On the front inside cover... the
“priority to do list” became ever so large.
One item: upgrade Princeton slides to
show equation of the specific GHz state I propose. (Impoartnat as
|0>|0>|1> +|1>\1>|0> is ever so different from
|1>|1>|1>+|0>|0||0> !)
Do study the Scully-Schwinger papers
(use GS) and evaluate, as we discussed.
Figure out how Scully’s semiclassical
laser chapter mainly relies on magnetic dipoole effects and dipole
approximation, versus Zubairy mainly using e- effects to model and cretae Rabi
oscillations. (Just get the math straight, in part to pare for new work on my
new F mapping for fermions.)
Do send Hemmer cc Scully my brain
sensing slides and paper. They could improve the truly noninvasive sensing
part, maybe!
Note how Marlan emphasized NUMBER states
as what to look for when looking for nonclassical states (by P or by W?).
Follow up on what Alfred said about the
great Keldysh, whom he colaborated with in close proximity awhile, who “ did
thermodyanmics WITHOUT the constraints of Boltzmann being true.’ With some
relation to O’Connell’s 80’s relatavisttic quantum Langevin work.
(More small talk at the hotel...)
Think about CQED II and building on
empirical work of Alfres, Scully/superradiance and ESR. Especially Alfred. And
do gfo back to that circuit CQED stuff discussed at Princeton last year!
Remember to use Memphis email to
China... especiallly Fuli Li.
Maybe look up Kaplan’s stuff to see if
it can make more sense... but think about how to link that and Scully’s
comments on cosmology to stuff like Alfven (more magnetic efefcts), Wheeler
(his thermodynamicsof cosmos) Wo9lff and other stuff. Of course Moffat and
tehories mentioned in Scully’s book and conformal ideas of those new Einstein
people also on the map, if we ver gbet into real cosmology.
Back to Uzi and israel and Aharanov on
experiments an even other stuff? Of course, Zeilinger too and such.
Ask Alfred and others about Bell in
OTHER hardware platforms, and ways to get to entangled triphoton... as above.
Lots of actions suggested above. What about Nikonov, on this and/or AQC?
Also probe Yanhua and SPDC generation,
as discussed above.
Scully to (Yanua): se Pound-Rebka for
critical foundations for the thermal light. (How track tihs down myself?)
Can Zubairy’s superresolutoin ideas
impact astronomy?
Tell Mark (Lewis?) about ... which? Bad
handwriting... EU and Zubairy?
ASK ALFRED about the new NASA “warp
drive,” and how that fits our vacuum ideas.
IIb. ITEM BY ITEM, abstracts in alphabetic order in
the book. Some no more than above..
Anderson: see above. “gate shows gain
if..” (Demon?” Matter osciallator... think how THAT might be, maybe...
*** Bordyuh Princeton:
FERMIONIZATION, a really important
mathematical trick to explore, in a very nicely foimrulated setup! He also
cites CIRCUIT QED, and clear (Bose-Hubbard) model. Five nice refs in the book of abstracts.
Han Cai and Scully... “Lamb shift” in superradiance is just
frequency shoft (VERSUS JUST amplitude shift) due to superradiance, no quantuk
self-energy stuff. Use of Wigner-Weisskopf to model the interactions, the key
to it all.
Goong Chen: formal stuff to support
Herschbach calculationsm but not hustificatoin, just consistency kinds of
stuff. A mathematician at TAMU. Yet he shandles energy minimization with polar
modes, in a way which could fill in some of the gaps we have seen in soliton
stability work. Soliton stability sounds scary to me, but he is good n studying
energy minimization, respects our presence in optimization, and might possibly
be a possible collaborator in that niche.
Len Cohen: see above. He cites Khinchin
or Khinchine (1931) for important work oin characteristic functoins, related to
wave functionbs for ann classical states. Very clear stuff.
Diebold: see above. Prior work was
Vigier, Garnger, Aspects (aspex?)... discusses De Broglie waves, but not a new
link really.
Doragliu: see above, lasing in air. Was
funded to cause remote lasing near a target, just to get better sensing data
back, but lots of nice citations, including in abstract. Studied remote lasing in O2, Ni2, Xenon and recently
argon, all relatively simple... but xenon and argon, being atomic gasses do not
require a dissociation pulse. Folks asked about ratio of forwards versus
backwards stimulated emission; he showed graphs, more backwards at 1
atmosphere, more forwards at high pressures. Theworetically, it is neat how a
vey sharp pulse can stimulate xenon, for a two=photon excitation, even though
very sharp opulses are supposed to be braod and thus not efficient; there seems
to be a “smart channel” effect (as in time symmetric physics!) which makes this
work despite that usual conventionbal wisdom.
Hemmer: see above. He also said this
approach could be great for quantum computig “if I could find the right
molecule.”
Herschbach; see above. I forgot to
mention his dinner talk on Wednesday, very witty and yet informative about
chemical synthesis. How he accidentally found a method which a colleague then
used for all the great new molecular synthesis (like isotoxin?)... how to
insert a methyl group where you want it. And relation to hormones, sex. (No joke. He showed the cover of “Sex and the
Single Girl.” He gave Merryl Streep some award, as part of his Nobel
organization activities, and has her on tape,,... syaing she felt like
changinh=g her namer to “Methyl Streep.”
Kaplan was no Cato. On his first text
slide, he noted... the background radiation pressure of the universe would not
be enough to bring the electrons to equilibrium even in many times the age of
the universe, so we need to consider other mechanisms for how the universe is
turning out. (Even Marlan didn’t catch that at first. I think I got it first,
then Wolfgang.) He said things about how one CAN get electrons to a
thermodynamic equilibrium in conditions in the middle of a star, but what did
he say of real interest? Anything? It was hard for people to get an idea of
what, if anything.
Vagizov: Olga’s first author (see
above). For real fast pulses, shape (concentrate) initially powerful; and
narrow pulses from a natural Mossbauer source, but how? Usual pulse-shaping stuff
breaks down at high unit or total energies. Thus they developed a new
technology, using a superfast piezo layer tuned by RF to MODULATE the initial
signal, and various clever shaping tricks to really get it to attosecoind
pulses. Of course, we might ask about laser fusion. Some discussion of that in
the hallways, probably closest to what Sprangle knows. Sprangle was going to
review that, but time ran out. Reolevant of course to even higher
energies. Olga gave lots of importanjt
new figures of merit, and their accomplishments, with citatoins in the
as=bstract,
Kulkarni: see above. Lots of hopping,
entanglement by hopping. Three citations. Yes, I wonder about triphoton
extensions?
David Lee: LOTS of notes, but also
citations. Discusiosn of seminal prior work by Scully (some in Scully and
Zubairy) on the baisc matrh of reviavl phenomena, a kind of osciullatory
behavior... with bursts and volleys,,, which SOUND like stuff familiar from
cortical pyramid neurons... but their own math. He looked for it in He3/He4
mixtures. He discussed how liquid (colder) He is much more easily magnetized
(big spin) than gaseous, and he has experiments on interfaces and how spin
propagates, with revivals.
Alfred: see above. He used EUX, an
electrioptic cru=ystal, like chi 2 but otical WITH electrical, for the
measurement, in clever geometry he gave in detail, with citatoins in the
abstracft.
Fuli Li: see above. Also mentioned relation to HBT (Hanbury Brown Twiss)
correlations.
Paolo Longo: previous superradiance work
all used cavities no larger than the wavelength. He studied the possibility of
superradiance in extended systems. In one dimension, one can extend it very
far, but in two and three, it is damped down to something like the size of a
wavelength area as a fraction of the cavity area – a very big dampening.
Malik: a way to simulate time dependent
effets in complicated laser.s Finding: with riisng power, light does focus on a
base frequency, but at lower power they can predict it splits tio=o multimode
output. Based on Maxwell-Bloch, like classical, but it works. Questiner: “your model works with
inhomogeneous broadening, but what about homogenbeous?” A” “I don’t know, at
least not yet.” He first solves for
tings at space, to make it easier to do the time-marching. Some sounds a bit
like self-consistency renormalization, raising questons about eigenstuff,maybe.
Mizxra: whether theer is “Fanbo
coupling” ofr not in superrasdiance deopends on what basis functoins we use to
represent superradiant states. The usual ones show no effect. The Timne-Delayed
Dicke States (TDS) are a nonorthognal but highly useful basis, and we dosee
Fano coupling there. (Reminds me of how coherent states are nonorthogonal
too.) Discussed efefcts... in abstract.
Wolfgang, revivals, see above. Lots of
citations to great classical work, like Eberly PRL 1980 with a beuatiful simple
hamiltonian and decaying oscillatory solution. Citations in the abstract.
Linearized versions (Andrei) misses some key effects.
Scully: see above. Again, neat picture
of atoms along a line, with a phase shifter in the middle to create a balance
and stabilizing the system.
Peng and Shih: see above. He showed
images of slits, versus beam splitters, Need to look more closely.
Sprangle: see above. Cited funding from DTRA,
DEEC, others we know. Scully asked about DEEC – defense education... a way to
get university R&D support. IN discussing power beaming applications, he
described >50% efficient PVs. “That’s easy here. This is not the sun! Let me
show you how we match bands, laser to PV.” Nice storied of plasma channels for
power, with pressure in the middle but also power, and a lens effect, tailored
to balance overfocusing and diffusion effects, to get the propagation you
want... in channels or in air. In air, nice pictures of a plasma filament
following after an optical pulse, steering it like a rudder. It wants about 3 GW per pulse; with more
power, the signal breaks into 3GW filaments.
Anatoly Svidzinsky (with Scully): reviewed
(classical) Maxwell Bloch. Goes back to quantum basics, rederives Maxwell Bloch,
ends up with small looking (but sometimes important) cvhange to Maxwell-Bloch,
e.g. for superradiance predictions. Equation in abstract.
Tyryshkin, coupling between a spin
ensemble and microwave resonator. Puts a small crystal into a box, and sees
what wave come in and out. Says he is unique in getting to the strong coupling
regime.
Hui Xia: see above. He is first author
with lots of people in the first superradiance paper. Due to nice tutorial
start, Marlan picked it to be first talk in that group. A few citations in the
abstract, but the talk explained earlier seminal papers, like Dicke himself and
Scully’s extension.
Zubairy: see above. He published a review in 2012 (at least of these
types of methods, not of threshold technique, I think.) Yablonoich et al 1999,
Dowling et al 2000, agarwal 2002... Big demo is by Ruij Jiang, with Zhao, in
arxiv 2015. I wonder how the Rabi methods he discusses relate to surface
polaritons and density of states. The key to his method is that the RECEIVED
(Rabi) wave is not the same as the primary free space light; l effective on
the surface equals l of the incoming free wave over
cosine theta (angle of approach) over WR times T. (Or
close).
That’s all for this round.
===============
==============
Data from business cards:
Hui Xia (P.U.) 650-996-9759
Marlan 979-204-3013
Sbarro is Sbarro #298 sbarro.com
Prof. Dr. Alfred Leitenstorfer
Chair of Experimental Physics
Dept of Physics
University of Konstanz
Box 695, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
49(0)75 31/88-38 18
Prof. Fuli Li, PhD
Xian Jiaotong University
Dean, School of Science
Tel 86-29-82668118
Cell: 13186140409
No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xian, China
710049
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